Vision and Blindsight Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Vision and Blindsight Suggestions Regarding Consciousness Vision- - accepting and deciphering light signals from nature so as to frame a picture in one's psyche - is an amazingly perplexing procedure. Some way or another signs from photoreceptors situated in the eye are changed over into the cognizant experience of sight. Of the considerable number of parts of vision, maybe the most hard for us to grasp deductively is this thought of cognizance. Some way or another the cerebrum deciphers light waves hitting the retina so we are outwardly mindful of our environmental factors. While the instrument of sign transduction from the photoreceptor through the visual cortex has been widely clarified, science experiences issues managing the wonders of cognizance and mindfulness, particularly on a reductionist level. An ongoing neurobiological way to deal with getting awareness, in any event on a perceptual level, has included the investigation of the wonder of blindsight. Harm to regions of the visual cortex frequently bring about complete or incomplete visual deficiency. Despite the fact that the eye itself is whole, patients report a failure to distinguish any light contribution to part of (or the whole) visual field. In any case, explores consistently show that by one way or another, viewable signs are prepared. Visual data sources introduced to the visually impaired field influence the patient's reaction to boost in the typical visual field. Response times to upgrades are influenced just as the understanding of the boosts. An obvious prompts introduced in the visually impaired field may propose a specific translation of an equivocal boosts. For instance, the understanding of bank, introduced as a sound-related prompt, contrasts relying upon whether stream or cash is introduced to the visuall y impaired field, despite the fact that the patient doesn't... ...Linked%20Pages/Physiol/Cortex.html 3) Visual Processing Streams http://mitpress.mit.edu/MITECS/work/goodale_r.html 4) Consciousness, Neurobiology of http://mitpress.mit.edu/MITECS/work/koch_r.html 5) Pattern of neuronal action related with cognizant and oblivious handling of visual signs, Sahraie, et al. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/94/17/9406?terms=consciousness&searchqstr=tyear:1997!fyear:1996!fmonth:Nov!tmonth:Nov!tdatedef:11+November+1997!fdatedef:12+November+1996!hits:10!fulltext:consciousness!sendit:Search 6) The Problem of Consciousness Crick and Koch http://www.unomaha.edu/~spaige/cramp ko.htm#blindsight 7) Co nsciousness http://www.duke.edu/~kellogg/Classes/Mentation/Issue%201/Marchiano.htm 8) On a Confusion About a Function of Consciousness. Square, Ned ftp://ftp.princeton.edu/bar/harnad/BBS/.WWW/bbs.block.html

Forensic Psychology and Jury Selection Essay

Present day criminal preliminary practice requests that the law as a scholarly control can't exist in a vacuum; a remarkable opposite, the law must be seen as an abrogating set of standards which must be seen related to other scholastic orders (Carson and Bull, 2003). This is especially obvious on account of jury determination in criminal preliminaries where the law has been joined with legal brain science. This paper will examine the approach basic the joining of scientific brain science into formal criminal procedures, the exact job of the measurable therapist in jury choice, and what kinds of legal hearer hazard factors are of specific interests to investigators and guard lawyers. Criminological Psychology and the Law If the motivation behind the lawful procedure is the revelation of truth, and the assurance of equity, at that point it is basic that legitimate systems encourage these targets. Jury choice, the examination has illustrated, has added to numerous premature deliveries of equity in criminal cases; to be sure, one researcher has called attention to that In the occurrence of capital cases, the U. S. Preeminent Court has perceived what research has since a long time ago appeared: Jurors frequently settle on condemning choices rashly, and they regularly base their choices on their own responses to the litigant, their disarray about the principles of law, and their absence of comprehension with respect to their own job and duties (Schroeder, Guin, Pogue and Bordelan, 2006). Because of this notable information, endeavors have been made to accommodate better jury determination strategies. This has included a multidisciplinary approach in which legal advisors, the two examiners and barrier lawyers, have held the administrations of scientific therapists so as to settle on better choices during voir desperate. From one viewpoint, it is trusted as an issue of sound open approach that clever legal hearers will be chosen and that reality and equity will win. One the other hand, the potential for maltreatment of the criminal equity framework exists since examiners and guard lawyers may utilize the member of the jury profiles arranged by the measurable clinicians so as to win their case as opposed to guarantee an unbiased sort of equity. Criminological Psychology and Jury Selection Generally, a measurable therapist is enrolled in criminal preliminaries so as to make mental appraisals about people and a specific arrangement of realities hidden a specific kind of criminal case. Jan Mills Saeth, a jury specialist who works with criminological therapists so as to lead voir desperate in the interest of customers in criminal cases, has expressed that â€Å"Jury choice incorporates helping the preliminary group dispose of dangerous legal hearers, and I help build up a legal hearer profile, voir critical inquiries, and jury polls. (â€Å"Behavioral Profiling: A Panel of Experts,† 2007). As a rule, hence, the central reason for the scientific clinician is to distinguish conceivably hazardous hearers. What comprises a hazard relies upon who the measurable analyst is speaking to and whether the idea of the specific criminal charges. Hazard alludes to some factor or set of components which may incline a potential attendant to making specific kinds of suppositions, to harboring particular sorts of inclination, or to somehow or another being mentally reluctant to cast a ballot for the criminological psychologist’s customer. There are various devices utilized by legal analysts so as to survey a juror’s chance components during the jury choice procedure. These apparatuses may incorporate composed inquiries, oral inquiries presented by a lawyer after interview with the criminological analyst, and other non-verbal signs. The totality of this data is gathered and the criminological therapist at that point builds a progression of attendant profiles which the lawyer would then be able to audit so as to choose which hearers to hold and which members of the jury to challenge or excuse. One of the challenges is the way that, in criminal preliminaries, investigators and guard lawyers are fanatical foes. They are along these lines required to try to introduce their case in the light generally positive for their individual customers; to this end, as is pertinent to this paper, the examiners and the barrier lawyers are keen on hearers whom will be the most open to their specific adaptation of the realities, whom are well on the way to be influenced by specific realities and witnesses, and whom are destined to govern in support of them (Tsushima and Anderson, 1996). An examiner will look for members of the jury that have some mental inclination to concur with the case as a rule, to feel for law implementation or a specific kind of casualty, or some other sort of predisposition that underpins their case. Mental qualities supported by numerous investigators remember a trust or certainty for power figures, a summed up origination that the American criminal equity framework is reasonable and sensible, and a mental propensity to concur with greater part feelings. A safeguard lawyer will be worried about comparative issues; notwithstanding, the barrier will likewise need to pick legal hearers whom have an alternate arrangement of mental attributes. All the more explicitly, a guard lawyer will look for people that doubt instead of trust authority figures, that question more than assent to lion's share sentiments, and that exhibit solid sentiments of compassion or sympathy. End In the last investigation, while legal brain research can be immensely valuable in anticipating member of the jury conduct, it can likewise be abused if examiners and resistance lawyers don't put proficient morals over the triumphant of criminal cases. The objective of jury choice should be the choice of a jury which will gauge proof dispassionately and fundamentally without swearing by superfluous data so as to render a decision. Measurable analysts can contribute definitively to the criminal equity framework, however it is important to ensure that their mental experiences are not utilized by deceitful examiners and resistance legal counselors to debase truth and equity.

Things HR Cant Ask in a Job Interview

Things HR Can’t Ask in a Job Interview As a manager conducting a job interview, you have to walk a very fine line. You have to be polite, but assertive. You have to listen well, but always be thinking about the next question. You have to probe beyond those well-rehearsed answers, and you must be aware of the illegal questions too.If you are a person who interviews candidates for the vacancies in your company, it is normal that you would like to know as much as possible about your new potential colleague.Similarly, if you are hiring for your own company, you have an obvious need to assess the job applicant’s work experience and educational qualifications.Ideally, the interviewer should engage the applicant with a series of open-ended questions that they feel are relevant to the hiring process.But, sometimes the interviewer is under the influence of biases, stereotypes or discrimination and can ask questions that are not acceptable by any moral and/or legal standards and can offend the interviewee.This guide will set the boundaries that each HR interviewer should follow to ensure that no privacy or other human rights of the candidate are invaded during the job interview, as there are consequences for doing so.CONSEQUENCES OF HR ASKING UNACCEPTABLE QUESTIONSAll the employers must follow the legal regulations during a job interview as the law protects all potential employees during the process of hiring and employment.These laws such as the U.S. Federal Civil Rights Act  and Employee Free Choice Act strictly obliges them to refrain from any sort of discrimination as quite a lot of things from the candidates’ personal lives are off the limits for the people who are involved in the hiring process.The purpose is to give equal career opportunities to all applicants regardless of their gender, age, race, religion, political or sexual orientation, and marital status â€" to name a few. Asking any questions related to finding out any of these, can trigger discrimination lawsuits so stay away from them!Also, avoid asking questions about what sport team the candidates is supporting or which schools their kids are going to as finding out that they support the same team as you do or that their kids go to the same school as yours go to, can cause personal preferences.Being aware of any of this can cloud the judgment of the interviewer as it’s in the human nature to develop biases towards others who are similar to us and prejudices towards individuals that are very different from us. So, it is easy to instead of focusing on the shared background, you focus on the qualifications for the job at hand.Getting unacceptable questions during a job interview turns the alarm on for the applicant that maybe their potential employer is breaking this law.So, in order to prevent reporting at the labor authorities, the HR needs to stay straight on the path and carefully plan the questions before throwing them at the applicants. But, what exact questions are considered inappropriate or illegal to ask? W HAT QUESTIONS ARE ACCEPTABLE?In order to know what questions are not acceptable, you need to know which ones are acceptable first. Any questions that are related to the candidate’s motivation, skills, education, and work experience such as:“Why are you applying for this position?“What makes you the perfect applicant for this job type?”, or perhaps“Have you ever had relevant experience that can aid you in this type of vacancy?” are what you should ask in a job interview.These are some of the most frequently asked questions during a job interview. What makes them acceptable for asking is the extent to which they address your requirements.None of these questions provides a reason for the applicant to react negatively. None of these questions makes the applicant feel uncomfortable or discriminated. WHAT QUESTIONS ARE NOT ACCEPTABLE?On the other hand, this is the list of 15 of the most unacceptable questions:1. “Are you married or single?”The answer to this question might be a source of discrimination by the recruiter due to their impression that due to the candidate’s marriage or single life, there is a possibility of certain distractions from the work.For example, future pregnancies or other family problems that might put the employee under a big burden.2. “Do you have children or are you pregnant?” or “If not, do you plan on having children in the future?”Refrain from such questions! The hiring person does not need to know if the candidate is a parent or not. It leads to the basis of unfair prejudice.Reason being so that the recruiter may then hire or prefer someone who would not have any family responsibilities. As it is a personal and family matter and, simply, none of the HR manager’s business.3. What is your age?Asking for age is a discriminating factor that is illegal. Also, do not slip into asking other questions that might reveal certain dates such as “What year did you graduate school?”.Use those age-related questions only to ensure if an applicant meets the minimum age requirement to do your specific work. For example, if the employees must be over 18 to sell alcohol in your company.4. What is your religion?, Do you attend church? or “Do you pray 5 times a day?”Abstain from questions regarding any religious affiliation or what religious holidays they celebrate. It leaves a very unfavorable impression on the one being interviewed. In addition, it is strictly against the law!Even if you are keen to know their plans for the upcoming weekend, just do not trigger them by digging deep into their cultural ties.5. Are you a citizen of this country?An HR does have every right to ensure that the people they recruit are legally allowed to work in that particular country where the company operates.It is not right to question or ask about the employee’s citizenship as it is another marker of discrimination. Instead, a better question would be “Do you have a permission to work in this country?”6. Do you have health issues?HR must also never ask about the applicant’s physical health or discuss their current medical proceedings. The HR manager, however, may ask to confirm if they meet a particular physical health status for the desired task. For example, if they are fit for lifting heavy passenger suitcases if they want to work at the train station or airport.7. Have you ever been arrested or have a criminal background?Applicants are not legally obligated to talk about their past especially on matters involving criminal backgrounds. They might have moved past that bad life and bringing the topic again may remind them of it and might emotionally disturb them once again.However, if the job position requires some form of high-security staff or personal, then the HR may conduct an employee background check but in a respectful manner, that reveals no signs of judgment or criticism.8. Do you drink alcohol?Alcoholism is basically considered to be a disability according to the Americans W ith Disabilities Act (ADA). Hence it is never legal HR to gain information or notifications about an applicant’s current or past drinking habits.9. Is English your first language?This question challenges the national origin of the employee. While it is wrong to ask this question, it also triggers the other person to speak up to defend their language or misinterpret your hiring process as filled with favoritism.If it is an HR policy that English natives are required for this job, then the questions that arise in the employee’s mind are “Why?” and “Are those natives superior to me at work just because I can’t speak English as fluently as them?” so never use language as your filter! It is one of the harshest forms of discrimination.10. Are you in debt?Asking if the applicant is in debt, if they have a bank loan or if they have any borrowed money to return to anyone is extremely wrong!It means you are targeting or at least, trying to target the applicant’s financial capa bilities, which they may not be thinking of at that moment, but since you bring it up, they would be uncomfortable to reveal it.11. “Where do your kids go to school?”This question invades the personal life of the applicant and may raise concerns about the safety of their children. The question is not only not relevant but also violates the family privacy rights of the applicant.Bringing any questions related to the candidate’s children is no good for the HR in any way.12. “Are you dating someone/anyone?”This questions links to the personal life of the candidate and the HR should understand that the law  restricts any workplace discrimination based on sexual orientation.It is simply not acceptable to dig into the applicant’s social, romantic or personal life. You may discuss social events but not asking the candidate who they have attended them with.They may not want to reveal their relationship status at their workplace, let alone the name of the person they are dating.H ence, the HR must be careful in the first place to avoid accidental bringing-up of this sort of topic.13. “Will you demand promotions, time-off work or other benefits?”It is important to know that such questions are only answered by the work and dedication the employee shows after they are hired. This means such questions make no sense if they are being asked before even selecting the candidate!Obviously, the HR is not the one who will decide the promotions, the candidate’s boss will after a series of evaluations of the worker’s performance. Who doesn’t want promotions? If it means higher salaries, everyone would be up for that.But note that there are a time and place for such things. A job interview is simply not one of them!14. “I heard you are ‘that’ type of person. Is that true?”This question means you are revealing some sort of gossip you might have heard from either your colleagues or your environment about that person!This is unacceptable but also morally wr ong to reveal such assumptions about the candidate even if those assumptions or rumors are true!Okay fine, if they are that type of person and you already know it, it is better to stick it inside your tongue rather than say it out so explicitly and offend the applicant. It is not always true that those rumors are correct.A job interview should be a professional environment and such questions are strictly prohibited in it.15. “This job requires a full-time dedication. Will you be able to give time to us and your family at the same time?”Wait, what? Now, this is very unacceptable! This is where the interviewer brought up the applicant’s family matters.Obviously, the applicant already made a clear decision to work for your company, what else would force them to even consider applying for your company if they couldn’t manage their own time. It’s their family. They know best how and when to spend time with their loved ones. SUMMING THINGS UPDuring the recruitment drives of comp anies and non-profit organizations, the HR team plays a major role in bringing in the most potential-filled people into the team.The HR department is the backbone of the organization without which the company would have nothing but an unorganized hierarchy of job-craved people who would lack the necessary skill-set required to make them capable of the desired work tasks.While it is important to get an in-depth check of your applicants to figure out which one is the right one for your company, it is also important to realize that not always does the law allows them to respond to everything you ask. Just like the law does not allow you to ask them just about everything.So, knowing when you are on track and are not on track is an important thing for the HR to have in mind during the interview. The questions listed above can be damaging to the company as well for the person being interviewed as they might get offended and sue the company for discrimination or biases, and you definitely do not want that.

Psychology, Theology, And Spirituality - 1658 Words

Summary In the book, Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling, McMinn expands upon the theory of integrating psychology and theology by providing the reader with concrete methods to utilize in counseling. His approach to integration is filled with helpful guidance for any counselor striving to strike the appropriate balance in their sessions. McMinn divulges into how and when to use scripture, prayer, confession and redemption. He advocates for utilizing these methods on a case by cases basis to ensure the client’s best interest. Overall, the book provides a tangible understanding of how to integrate theology and psychology into different counseling sessions. McMinn begins his book by advocating for a more detailed approach to spiritual and psychological health. He saw that the current model had many problems, including the fact that it was too broad. McMinn advocated for a more detailed map, and decided to create one himself. McMinn’s new map depi cted a triangle flow chart instead of a linear progression. He believes â€Å"a more comprehensive perspective on psychological and spiritual health requires us to consider self, brokenness, and healing relationships as interactive rather than linear† (McMinn, 2011, p. 50). The new map considers the client’s faulty beliefs as hindrances to healing. Counselors will need to work with their clients to develop an accurate sense of self, sense of need, and heathy healing relationship to produce real change in theirShow MoreRelatedPsychology, Theology And Spirituality1267 Words   |  6 Pages A 4-MAT Review: Psychology, Theology and Spirituality in the Christian Counseling Introduction Mark McMinn is a trained psychologist who is known for his book that was written in 1996 called Psychology, Theology and Spirituality in Christian Counseling. McMinn had advocated for the Christians who are counselors for many years. McMinn is very experienced in the work and in his field of study. One of the biggest things that McMinn stresses is the importance of establishing and maintaining a goodRead MorePsychology, Theology, And Spirituality Essay1665 Words   |  7 Pages Mark R. McMinn’s (2011) Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling establish a way to bring Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality to Christian Counselors. He introduces a replica of how to integrate the three disciplines in the counseling office. The purpose of the book is to instruct counselors how to integrate categories of Psychology, Theology and Spirituality into Christian Counseling. McMinn (2011) contends that many challenges both professional and personal face ChristianRead MorePsychology, Theology And Spirituality1445 Words   |  6 PagesR. McMinn uses his book, Psychology, Theology and Spirituality in Christian Counseling to integrate the use of spirituality in Christian counseling in a way that a counselor can use them in a counseling session effectively. McMinn makes the use of various spiritual techniques like prayer, reading the Word and confession and incorporates them in ways that make spirituality work alongside theory in a cohesive ma tter. McMinn explains the world pf psychology and theology is not only something thatRead MorePsychology, Theology, And Spirituality Essay1244 Words   |  5 PagesSummary Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling by Dr. Mark R. McMinn is a very insightful reading for Christian counselors. This book was originally written in 1996, but the revised in 2011 with the help of Dr. McMinn s students. McMinn begins his wonderful reading by introducing the readers to religion in the counseling office. He starts this section a potential client scenario. This client is looking for a suitable counselor who is spiritually sensitive. Different counselorsRead MorePsychology, Theology, And Spirituality1843 Words   |  8 Pages Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality Summary McMinn unveils the realism of what essentially happens in the counseling office. He dives into the fitting together â€Å"Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling†. McMinn explains how â€Å"those who enter therapy in the midst of their pain experience a restorative counseling relationship that brings acceptance hope, and meaning into their broken lives† (McMinn, 2011, p. 20). There are various questions surrounding Christian counselingRead MorePsychology, Theology, And Spirituality1411 Words   |  6 PagesPsychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Counseling by Mark R. McMinn is a book that discusses two different characteristics of the Christian Counseling field: in counseling sessions and life beyond the counseling sessions for example, the counselor’s job and the counselor’s life. Dr. McMinn starts his book with a brief section written with James Wilhoit that discusses religion in the counseling office. This first section talks about the importance of making good use of the Christian faith in counselingRead MorePsychology, Theology, And Spirituality891 Words   |  4 PagesReview of McMinn Summary In the book Psychology, theology, and spirituality in Christian counseling by Mark McMinn (2011), he explores the simultaneous integration of psychology, theology, and spirituality in the counseling relationship. McMinn (2011), stresses the importance of this skill throughout the text and offers insightful and effective ways to manage this. In order to further breakdown this information, McMinn (2011) discusses and evaluates six religious intervention strategies: prayerRead MorePsychology, Theology, And Spirituality1413 Words   |  6 PagesThe book â€Å"Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christianity Counseling† by Mark R. McMinn (2011) is an informative read that delves into the issues of practically integrating concepts of psychological counseling in the Christian context. Some of the questions that McMinn (2011) aspires to address in the book include whether it is appropriate to pray with clients, the role of confession during the therapy process, whether couns elors should use scripture memory during the interventions as wellRead MorePsychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling by Mark McMinn1464 Words   |  6 Pages4 MAT Review McMinn Lynetric Rivers Liberty University Abstract In the book, â€Å"Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling†, author Mark McMinn gives the reader information on how these three entities can work together in Christian counseling. McMinn offers several ways in which this can be done including the use of prayer, Scripture, confession, forgiveness, the effects of sin, and redemption in counseling sessions. Through narration of counseling vignettes displaying differentRead MoreA Review Of Mcminn s Text : Psychology, Theology, And Spirituality1195 Words   |  5 PagesA Review of McMinn’s Text: Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling Summary McMinn tells how psychology, theology, and spirituality are used and how they should be used in Christian counseling. A Christian counselor has to look at not necessarily psychology and theology in a counseling session but how religion and spiritually is brought into the session. McMinn (2011) states, â€Å"Religious interventions require us to understand spiritual formation, place priority on personal spiritual

The Murder Of Mankind By Isaac Rosenberg - 971 Words

The Murder of Mankind War Critic Udari Munasinghe unlocks the ideology of War. â€Å"Two armies that fight each other is like one large army that commits suicide† Patriotism towards one’s home is the lie that resulted in the murder of over 17 million soldiers during World War one. The Great War was said to be the â€Å"the war to end all wars† but instead lead to mass slaughter. Many of us still dignify the war in glory and honour, however, in the eyes of the soldiers, war was never about glorifying, but to its absurdity, it was about promising death to those who took the chance. Not long after World War One started, the dark reality of war was exposed through the veracious poets who shared their experiences and revealed the insanity and futility of war. Isaac Rosenberg was a recognised poet who revealed the hidden truth; he was a soldier who joined war in 1960, however, unlike others, he came from a Jewish, working class background which differed him from other well-known First World War poets. The perception of life and death, in which time is juxtaposed with setting, is reflected in Isaac Rosenberg’s unrhymed free verse poem, â€Å"Break of Day in the Trenches†. Through this anti-war poem, his inhuman experiences in the battlefields are brought to the present. Set in the trenches of a battlefield, Rosenberg uses cohesive and emotive language to capture the bemusement of an infantryman and the confrontation of horror and suffering that aroseShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Rwandan Genocide: Factors that Contribute to Genocide2657 Words   |  1 1 Pagesheart of southern Africa. (Appendix A, Rosenberg, 2010) It has an area of 25, 900 km squared, slightly smaller than the state of Maryland or half the size of Nova Scotia. There are two rainy seasons, from February to April and November to January. Rwanda has steep mountains, deep valleys, grassy hills and uplands. The lowest point is Rusizi River which is 950m above sea level, and the highest point is Volcan Karisimbi, which is 4,519m above sea level. (Rosenberg, 2010) Before the genocide 95% of RwandansRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesthat Weber comes to discuss the idea that the inevitability of bureaucracy can be controlled and its negative effects reduced by human will and intention. He asks the key question, ‘What can we oppose to this machinery in order to keep a portion of mankind free from this parcelling-out of the soul, from the supreme mastery of the bureaucratic way of life’? (p. 362). Although Weber does not answer this question, it suggests attention to the development of intellectual and emotional intelligence and reflectiveness

Production for Live Events TV Top-Up Free Essays

Introduction This report is designed in order to demonstrate the main trends in the lighting industry. This report will show the new trends and products in the lighting industry along with their effects on the formation of the technological advancements. Finally, the report will present the main advantages and disadvantages of lighting technology along with the challenges that are imposed on the new entrants and already established brands. We will write a custom essay sample on Production for Live Events TV Top-Up or any similar topic only for you Order Now Background Lightning has become an important part of everyday lives and of events. Companies try to come up with new ways in lighting and projection in order to intensify the strengths of an event and hide the weaknesses. Bowdin and Allen, (2012) suggest that lighting enhances the general spectacle of an event whereas problems in lighting may decrease the quality of the event. Yee, (2007) states that lighting plays a significant role in responding to the changing environment by shifting the viewer’s focus to the different areas thus developing a variety of different scenes within the area. Effect of external trends on the developments in event lightning and projection technology The recent trends suggest that lighting is advancing along with the comprehension of its importance in the events area. This implies that innovative technologies are being developed and currently there is a lot of new lighting products available on the market. For instance, LED lighting has been on the market for a long time. It does not require substantial amounts of power and is user-friendly in terms of installation and maintenance (LEDs Magazine, 2010). Therefore, it is still the leader on the lighting market. However, lighting evolves into a more interactive and wireless feature, in terms of programming and maintenance. The demand for wireless lights continues to grow, suggesting that it might become the next ‘most wanted’ product on the market. However, as it has been estimated by a representative of Kinetic Lighting, that these are quite difficult to supply (BizBach, 2011). Another important innovation, which is in demand on the market, is more colourful lighting. This implies that customers are seeking more colourful and bold colour palettes (BizBach, 2011). As recent reports suggest, 3D lighting might become the next trend in the event and stage production industry. There are innovative 3D lighting products on the market, however, these are based on the integration of the traditional blue and red colours to create a 3D effect (Parrish, 2002). More advanced versions are regarded to be difficult in utilization. Therefore, the current market is limited to the provision of those systems for the events and production (Parrish, 2002). These are more popular in utilization for different short presentations. Advantages and Disadvantages of new developments The main advantages of the new developments are enhanced interactivity and advanced technology. This implies that the needs of modern consumers are satisfied in terms of delivery of more advanced and colourful solutions. Some new developments are user-friendly, whilst other innovations (i.e. 3D Lighting ) are quite difficult in utilization and maintenance (Bizbach, 2011; LEDs Magazine, 2010). The lighting supplier companies have also started to produce more environmental solutions. This implies that innovative lighting solutions tend to align with the general trend of environmental protection and concern (Veitch and Gifford, 1996). As a result, this appeals to customers who have become more environmentally concerned. This has led to the development of solar lighting, which is a sustainable, environmental lighting solution (Pode, 2011). Challenges for newcomers and older specialists in event lightning and projection industry The main challenges for newcomers in the event lighting and projection industry is attributed to the high entry barriers. Currently, the main criteria for being successful in the lighting market are the brand, the pricing and reputation. This increases the barriers to entry into the market (LEDs Magazine, 2010). Along with that, the lighting industry has become quite competitive. This implies that there are a lot of players on the market, who offer similar products. In the case of LED lighting, this implies that LED is becoming more of a commodity with a low price (Examiner, 2012). This decreases the brand value of the companies within the LED market. Contrary to that, companies with innovative solutions may enter the market, however there is a limited amount of companies that may develop innovations, due to the need for large resources (Examiner, 2012). As a result, the well-established brands tend to invest heavily in research and development, thus producing the latest innovations. As a result, the lighting market is led by the well established brands, which regularly produce innovative solutions (Examiner, 2012). Conclusion This report was designed in order to demonstrate the recent trends in the lighting and projection industry. It has been estimated that the lighting and projection industry is a highly competitive area, with high entry barriers. As a result of the increased competition, some lighting products have become a commodity. The trends demonstrate that the brand plays a large role in the lighting market, where the well-established companies tend to produce innovations on the market in order to defend their market shares. The main innovations have included the 3D lighting, wireless and interactive lighting solutions. References BizBach. (2011). 7 Lighting Trends for 2011: LEDs, Interactive Projections, 3-D, and More Available: http://www.bizbash.com/7_lighting_trends_for_2011_leds_interactive_projections_3-d_and_more/new-york/story/20020/ (Accessed on 1/1/13) Bowdin G., Allen J., O’Toole W., Harris R. (2011). Events Management. 3rd ed., BH: UK Examiner. (2012). Competitive Landscape for LED Lighting Industry: impact on US jobs. Available: http://www.examiner.com/article/competitive-landscape-for-led-lighting-industry (Accessed on 01/01/13) LEDs Magazine. (2010). Lighting industry at the edge of the unknown. Available: http://ledsmagazine.com/features/7/7/2 (Accessed on 1/1/13). Parrish D. (2002). Inspired 3D lighting and compositing. Premier Press: USA. Pode R. (2011). Solar Lighting. Springer: London. Veitch J. Gifford R. (1996). Assessing Beliefs about Lighting Effects on Health, Performance, Mood, and Social Behavior. Environment and Behaviour. Vol.28, Iss.4, pp. 446-470 Yee R. (2007). Lighting Spaces: Roger Yee. 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Research Proposal on Leadership and Motivation Essay Example

Research Proposal on Leadership and Motivation Essay Leadership is the state of being the head of the particular team or group which has to fulfill the definite work. Leadership is intimately connected with motivation because the primary task of the leader of the group is to encourage the team and their work. Naturally, every group of people united with the particular idea requires a strong and capable leader who would direct the activity of the group and improve the quality of its work. Leaders exist everywhere – at school, university, company, official political organization, etc. The most common use of the term leader is met in business because every firm requires a leader who will control and maintain the process of work and the employees’ activity. Motivation and its types depend on the style of leadership practiced by the head of the team. There are several most common approaches towards motivation – the method of reward and punishment, encouragement with money, freedom of thought and decision making, etc. If the leader is a smart and skillful one and possesses knowledge of human psychology, he will be able to communicate with employees properly. If the employee feels the support, encouragement and warm advice from the boss’ side, he will try to fulfill his duties in the best way. The main work of the leader is not to control the quality of work strictly, but to develop the employee’s creativity, responsibility, professionalism and other skills. He has just to live the right direction of work and provide the team with the sober, constructive and professional piece of advice. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Leadership and Motivation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Leadership and Motivation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Leadership and Motivation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The student who is interested in the research of the problem on leadership and motivation can prepare an exciting project which would illustrate the essential points related to the issue. The young person should understand that the quality of the research project depends on many factors: the type of information, its volume, the relevance of the problem, the usefulness of the facts, the style and manner of writing. To succeed in proposal writing one should brainstorm the best points and questions for the project which require research and present them briefly in the logical order. Finally, one can demonstrate the methods used for the analysis to prove to the professor that the issue of leadership and motivation is research from all sides. The student who requires a helpful hint for writing can find a professional piece of advice in a free example research proposal on leadership and motivation designed by the writer who is good at this matter. A free sample research proposal on leadership and motivation can be quite useful if one needs help with the formatting of the paper and the appropriate logical composition of the text. At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research proposal on Leadership and Motivation topics. Your proposal will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated PhD and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research proposal help at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all proposal details: Enjoy professional research proposal writing service!

SAT International Test Dates Guide (2019 and 2020)

SAT International Test Dates Guide (2019 and 2020) SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Here we look at international SAT test dates for the the 2019–2020 year. The test months haven't changed since last year, but the dates have! We've recorded what we've learned in this article. Upcoming SAT Test Days in 2019 and 2020 We've scoured the College Board website to get the most up to date predictions for international test dates. In addition, the regular deadline for the domestic SAT is the same as the only and final deadline for the international test: there is no late registration if you are taking the SAT outside of the US. Test Date Registration Deadline Deadline for Changes Early Reg via Rep August 24, 2019 (USA only) NA NA NA October 5, 2019 September 6, 2019 September 24, 2019 August 21, 2019 November 2, 2019* October 3, 2019 October 22, 2019 September 18, 2019 December 7, 2019 November 8, 2019 November 26, 2019 October 23, 2019 March 14, 2020** February 14, 2020 March 3, 2020 January 29, 2020 May 2, 2020 April 3, 2020 April 21, 2020 March 18, 2020 June 6, 2020* May 8, 2020 May 27, 2020 April 22, 2020 August 29, 2020 (USA only) NA NA NA The College Board* = SAT Subject Tests only; no regular SATs offered this date internationally** = SAT only; no SAT Subject Tests offered this date internationallyUSA only = not international (greyed out) Guide to Choosing the Best Dates for You So when should you take the SAT? We've developed a thorough guide to considering the best dates for you that details the four test date factors you should consider. You should also plan ahead and think about whether you want to take the SAT more than once. Note that the main difference between International and Domestic testing is that there are fewer international test dates and no late registration for international students. The major implication of this is that you can't always wait for the last test's score to come out before you sign up for the next possible SAT test date. For example, a domestic student can wait until her March test comes back, and if she did badly, she can register late for the May SAT. Depending on if March scores come out in time, international students might not be able to do this. However, this is not a big loss: few students would want to take two tests in a row because there really isn't time to improve or study in such a short amount of time. Second, if money is not an issue, international students can simply preemptively register for two dates in a row, and then cancel the second test date if they do well on the first test. The cost of cancellation is only the monetary cost of the test. Otherwise, international testing and domestic testing have more similarities than differences! Warning: SAT Test Dates May ChangeSign up to Receive Free Updates // What's Next? The next step after you've figured out which test dates work for you is to register for the SAT (read our step-by-step instruction here). Also, if you want to score well, you should consider the different ways to prep for the SAT. We consider the pros and cons of different prep methods with our free ebook. Other Articles You May Be Interested In Find out which exact dates you want to choose with our full guide to choosing SAT test dates here. You can also take a look at our collection of future years SAT test dates for other years (see especially the disclaimer on projections). What's the best way to prep for the SAT as an international student? Learn more about the importance of the SAT/ACT and the resources you'll need with this complete guide.

Third Conjugation -isc Suffix Type Italian Verbs

Third Conjugation -isc Suffix Type Italian Verbs Most Italian verbs are regular verbs, meaning they are conjugated following a regular pattern. But there is a special group of third conjugation Italian verbs (verbs ending in –ire) that requires the suffix -isc- to be added to the stem of all three singular (io, tu, lei) and the third-person plural (loro) forms in the present indicative and present subjunctive tenses, as well as the second and third person singular and the third-person plural forms of the present imperative tense. One good example of such verbs is finire (to finish). Present Indicative io finiscotu finisciegli finisceessi finiscono Present Subjunctive che io finiscache tu finiscache egli finiscache essi finiscano Present Imperative finiscifiniscafiniscono Other verbs that need the -isc- suffix and are conjugated similar to finire include capire, preferire, pulire, suggerire, and tradire. Unfortunately, there is no way to know which third conjugation verbs are isc verbs. Your only option is to commit these verbs to memory. Interestingly enough, in some classic grammatical systems, -isc type verbs were considered a fourth conjugation. Optional -isc- Verbs For certain -ire verbs there is a choice as to whether -isc- is inserted or not when conjugating. The most common include: aborrire (to abhor, to loathe)- io aborro / aborriscoapplaudire (to clap, to applaud)- io applaudo / applaudiscoassorbire (to absorb)- io assorbo / assorbiscoeseguire (to carry out)- io eseguo / eseguisco(to swallow (up), gulp (down); engulf)- io inghiotto / inghiottiscolanguire (to languish)- io languo / languisco(to lie)- io mento / mentisco(to nourish, to feed)- io nutro / nutrisco Different Forms, Different Meanings Some -ire verbs not only have both forms (that is, they are conjugated both with and without the suffix -isc) but take on diverse significance. For example, the verb ripartire: io riparto (to leave again)io ripartisco (to divide)

Internal Proposal - Oklahoma State University Research

Internal - Oklahoma State University - Research Proposal Example The paper "Internal Proposal - Oklahoma State University" concerns the Oklahoma State University, Mechanical Engineering department and aims to research on the cancellation of online classes. The cancellation of online classes leads to a lose-lose situation in both student and institution bodies. The main goal of this proposal paper is to find out why the online classes was cancelled and also to supply sufficient information to the reader; Miss Kristi Wheeler. Who is the manager of distance education programs in Oklahoma State University so as to solve the predicament relating to the cancellation of online classes. Methodology method is inclusive of the collection of three facts points of primary research. This included interviews with the proper administration, questioners with students and evaluation with consultants. Data collected will aid in the evaluation for the need for maintaining online classes. Three essential features are based on those students who use online classes, de partments which offer online classes, and other people who use online classes. Approach based on the collection of data is explained from these three features. In the course of the research, Director of Disability services was interviewed; the findings are in this section. A summary of the secondary research sources follows finally. This includes the online classes’ literature, benchmarking and online classes’ statistics. A questionnaire consisting of several questions was made up for the students. The aim was to know how the students perceive the issue of withdrawing or maintaining online classes and its benefits to students. The questions ranged from asking the students if they have taken online classes, the reasons for taking online classes, and a section for grading reasons for taking online classes on a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 being the lowest (poor) score and 5 being the highest score (excellent). The students were also asked to comment on several aspects regardi ng online classes. The other part of the questionnaire asked the students if they planned to take online classes in future, if they thought online classes were worthwhile and if they thought online classes should be banished. The questionnaire also contained a section that required the students to comment more about the issue of online classes, their individual suggestion concerned the improvement and benefits of online classes. Distribution of questionnaires to the students was done by one of the administrators of the Engineering Department. The questionnaires were completed over a period of a week (March 4-11) and set in a selected place in the department. Surveys were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. In regard to quantitative analysis, each aspect of the online classes was conducted on how the students rated it; poor (1), fair (2), good (3), exceptionally good (4) and excellent (5). Total rating number for every location was also calculated. This was done because not ev ery student uses writing center. In regard to qualitative analysis, the students’ comments for each aspect of online classes were compiled. Observations and recommendations of the students were linked so as to obtain a better understanding of the need to maintain online classes. Broader categories and themes were generated by us the researchers. Secondary research Results from the data collected The

U.S. intellectual history since 1877 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

U.S. intellectual history since 1877 - Essay Example Reinhold Niebuhr suggests there is a persistent flaw in modern American thought that underestimates the power of evil and predatory self-interest. In this way he finds that American liberalism is limited. Dr. Martin Luther King and Allen Ginsburg show how American liberal and progressive thought was challenged, renewed, and expanded as understood through the insights of Reinhold Niebuhr. Yet Malcolm X was almost defeated by the human flaws of which Niebuhr writes, and the writers of the Port Huron Declaration went too far in accepting methods of the children of the darkness as explained by Niebuhr. In his Letter from a Birmingham Jail which he wrote April 16, 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King rooted his thoughts to a tradition of philosophers and theologians, including Niebuhr. King expressed how difficult it was to get privileged groups to change. He wrote, â€Å". . . as Reinhold Niebuhr has reminded us, groups tend to be more immoral than individuals.†Niebuhr felt that liberalis m essentially lied to itself. Dr. King could see this. Bourgeoisie society, in the south had advanced because of those lies. Niebuhr identifies the ugly powers of self-interest as pulling the chords of individuals outside any real beliefs in community. The morality that the racist South put forward was a cynical one. It was one that could not stand true from the way it dealt with black people. But the point is that this was not merely a feature of the South. As long as the segregation policies existed it was also a feature of the entire country. Hence, from Niebuhr's view, democracy did not have any adequate cultural base. It had one that was built on a house of hate. This is why Dr. King's letter was important. Building on a principle of progressive liberalism in action, King's letter extended the cultural base of the country with some honest truths. One of these truths reflects the human flaw that Niebuhr saw in man. In this letter Dr. King noted this as the inner conflict of man. He explained that he had been disappointed with his Christian and Jewish brothers. He pointed out how they allowed a "negative peace" to exist in the absence of justice. In a way this is similar to Niebuhr's thought of 'the children of light' who, in this case, were somehow led to believe that the progress of black people, according to Southern standards, was okay. Drawing further from Niebuhr, it is possible to say that Southern racism reflected an order that was cynical on the top, and laid upon Niebuhr's "perils of chaos". Dr. King pointed to this chaos. He pointed to it in the white church and its leadership. He made some exceptions. But what stood out were the members of the white religious establishment that opposed the civil rights movement Dr. King led. Dr. King was actually forging the cultural revolution that exemplified an expression of Niebuhr's ideas. It was a revolution that pursued unity while expressing a freedom and participation of formally denied people into a sy stem of democracy. In the active outplay of the Civil Rights Movement, Dr. King led black and white forces to demonstrate how it was possible for America to reflect a real culture of community. That was what King sought and what, while he was living, did. Dr. King stood as the leader who influenced thought and action. There is also a way in which an artist, who has freed his or herself from the limiting confines of human prejudice and self-interest, may also illustrate some of the themes of Niebuhr. Allen Ginsberg is one of these artists. Allen Ginsberg was one of the main poets during the beat generation. He was also a public homosexual during the 1950s when homosexuality was illegal. Ginsberg was at the extreme end of the poets in that he criticized a lot about American society that Niebuhr criticized. Niebuhr, being a Christian, would probably not accept Ginsberg extreme view of homosexuality. But maybe he could have. The important thing is that Ginsberg in his poetry, especially 'Howl', attempted to turn America upside down and look into her. In order to do this all the

My Favorite Job-Personal Narrative Essay -- Papers

My Favorite Job-Personal Narrative Working at Woodcreek Athletic Club is the best job I ever had. The hours and pay were great. I had the best boss anyone could have, and I learned an astounding amount. The hours and pay made working at Woodcreek very enjoyable. My schedule was very flexible and could usually adjust it to fit my needs. If I needed to pick the kids up from school I could come in early so that I could leave early. I could also work out or play racquetball during working hours. They never would say anything to me as long as the club was operating smoothly. My lunch hour was also very flexible. For instance, if I had a lunch date at 11:00am on Wednesday I could take my lunch hour then. Or if I had a lunch date on Friday at 1:00pm I could take my lunch hour then. I also never had any problem getting a day off if I needed it. The pay was also outstanding. Based on a national survey of health clubs in the Free Weight Magazine I was making a salary that placed me in the top five percent of my job classification. The best part about my pay and hours was that I did not...

Examine the Reasons for Changes in the Patterns of Marriage, Cohabitation and Divorce Essay

â€Å"Examine the reasons for changes in the patterns of marriage, divorce and cohabitation over the past 40 years. † The patterns of marriage, divorce and cohabitation over the past 40 years has varied considerably. In 1972, over 480,000 couples got married subsequently making this the highest amount of marriages within a year ever since the Second World War. According to the Office for National Statistics (ONS) this was down to the baby boom generation of the 1950’s reaching the age of marriage. However, after this period, the number of marriages in England went into decline. Recently, marriages reached an all-time low in 2005 when only 244,701 couples got married. Less than half of what it was in 1972. Some people accuse society of rejecting marriage and are no longer bothered about it but, statistics prove otherwise. These statistics reveal that people are, in fact, delaying marriage. It is said that people most people will marry later in life, most likely after a period of cohabitation. Reasons for this may be that couples are being wary before making any serious commitments. Proof that supports the â€Å"marrying later in life† idea is that the average age of a bride in 2003 was 29 and all grooms 31 years old compared with 22 for women and 24 for men in 1971. Specifically, women may want to delay marriage for reasons such as advancing in their career prospects. Not only is there a drop in the total number of marriages but also a decline in marriage rates (the number of people marrying per 1000 of the population aged 16 and over). Marriage rates are at their lowest since the 1920’s and further plummeting. In 1994, the marriage rate was 11. 4 but this had declined to 10. by 2004. The male rate declined from 36. 3 in 1994 to 27. 8 in 2004 whilst the female rate declined from 30. 6 to 24. 6. Once more, surveys emphasis that most people, whether single, divorced or cohabitating still see marriage as a desirable life-goal and therefore will get married eventually especially if they are having children as they see this as the basis of family life. Another change in the pattern of marriage is that two fifths of all marriages are remarriages. These people are clearly faithful to the institution of marriage in spite of their previous negative experience of it. The reason for this trend could possibly be due to their first marriages, which were empty-shell marriages. This is where there is no love or intimacy between them, but the marriage persists for the sake of the children until they are old enough. They might then decide to start a new life, including getting remarried. Such options are available to civilization for several reasons. Changes to the attitude of marriage has ensured that there is less pressure to marry and that there is more freedom to choose what type of relationship people want to live in. The norm that everyone ought to get married has greatly weakened. This is visible by the decline in stigma attached to marriage – cohabitation, remaining single and having children outside of marriage is now all regarded as acceptable. Giddens (1993) and Goode (1963) both argue that there is a trend towards adopting Westernised forms of marriage and family structure. They believe that we are slowly moving towards having the free choice of choosing our spouse, that there is a decline in arrange marriage and an increase towards egalitarian marriage and the notion of no sexual experience prior to marriage seems to be changing. Coleman and Salt (1992) also support this view as they believe that traditional views are being challenged by new idea, new economic roles for women, new laws and family planning. Dennis (19840 similarly suggests the same idea claiming that modern marriages are fragile and are only held together by emotional ties. He thinks that if these ties fail, then there is little reason for a couple to remain together. Regardless of the reduction in the overall number of people marrying, married couples are still the main type of partnership for men and women in the UK. In 2005, seven in ten families were headed by a married couple. In the terms of Divorce – the legal termination of marriage, this has increased immensely since 1971 due to the change in legislation that had liberalized divorce, made it cheaper and easier to obtain. The Divorce Reform Act of 1971 was the most important because prior to 1971, one partner had to provide ‘evidence’ that they had been wronged by the significant other (matrimonial offence). Due to the change of the law, it allowed people to divorce on the basis of â€Å"irretrievable breakdown†. In addition, since 1984, the Matrimonial and Family Proceedings Act reduced the time limit for divorce for a minimum of 3 years of marriage to only one year. After this act, the divorce rate shot up again, as it did in 1971. Now, people were finally able to legally to end all connections, as previously when divorce was either too expensive or difficult to obtain, separation was very common, which was when a couple decided to live away from each other. To go into more detail of the trend of increased divorces, in 1993, the number of divorces peaked at 180,000. By 2000, this figure had fallen to 154,000, lthough the years 2001 – 2004 have seen a gradual rise to 167,100. There is now almost as many divorces as there is marriages and if recent trends continues, almost 40% of marriages will end in divorce. An adequate reason for this increased style of divorcing is that it is no longer linked with stigma and shame. The British culture is hugely based on Christian beliefs and one of these beliefs is that marriage is for life (‘till death do us part’). Nevertheless, over the years secularisation and a change in attitudes has emerged and the view that divorce can lead to greater happiness for the individual is more acceptable. Wilson (1966) agrees with this as he believes that the Christian ideal of lifelong marriage is taken less seriously as less than half of marriages ceremonies are now religious and few couple are regular churchgoers. Another view is that people now have a higher standard of marriage and increased expectation. Fletcher (1966) argues that couples are less likely to put up with doomed ‘empty-shell’ marriages, thus making divorce more common. However, at the same times, most divorcees remarry, suggesting that they do not reject the institution of marriage but expect more from the relationship. Another reason which contributes to the increase of divorce rates is down to women wanting to improve educational and career opportunities. Increase to women employments has ensured for women to be economically and financially independent. So women who were previously stuck in ‘empty-shell’ marriages because of their inability to support themselves – now do not have to. Fletcher greatly agreed with this argument but women’s earnings are still less than 755 of men’s. Many women are in low paid and part time work, so their opportunities for financial independence are limited. Feminist sociologists note that women expectations of marriage have changed radically over the years. Evidence of this is that 75% of divorce petitions are made by women, indicating dissatisfaction among women with their marriages and their husbands. This can support Thornes and Collard’s (1979) view that women expect more from marriage than men and the value friendship and emotional gratification more than men do. If the male spouse fails to live up to these expectations, women may feel the need to search elsewhere. Lastly, Functionalist sociologists argue that high divorce rates indicate that marriage is progressively valued and that people are demanding higher standards from their partners. They believe that couples are not refusing to put up with hopeless, ‘empty-shell’ marriages as people now want emotionally and sexually compatibility, and equality as well as companionship. It is a fact that some will even go through various people just to search for ‘the one’ and if they marry every time they meet a new partner, then they are obviously going to contributing to the rising divorce rates. Cohabitation is a trend that has been on the rise for the last decade. The proportion of non-married people cohabiting has risen sharply in the last 20 years from 11% of men and 13% of women in 1986 to 24% and 25% respectively. In 2007, the Office for Nation Statistics (ONS) suggested that cohabitating couples are the fastest growing type of family in Britain. For instance, there are around 2. 2 million cohabiting couples with or without children and about a quarter of all unmarried adults under 60 are now cohabiting – double the number in 1986. This specific form of relationship has increased by 65% since 1997. In addition, the ONS data suggested that a third of teenagers in 2007 were destined to cohabit rather than marry compared with one in ten of their grandparents. As gathered, the trend is on the rise, raising a few questions from researchers as to why this is happening. One reason would be that people like to cohabit to â€Å"test the water†. During this period, they (the couple) will assess and analyse each other to see if they are well-matched and whether they will be able to live with one another before making any serious commitments. After all, cohabitation on average lasts 5 years, which from then on 60% of cohabitees will then join in matrimony. Another reason for the increase of cohabitation is that there are a significant number of people who live together whilst in the process of divorce. For example, in 2005, 23% of cohabiting men were separated from former partners while 36% were divorced. So granting a person may be married, they have separated and moved into another house to live with as person they have met. This will be then considered as a cohabitee. A third reason contributing to the rise of cohabitation is that people are baffled by the cost of marriages. According to Wedding Guide UK, the average cost of a traditional wedding in the UK is around ? 11,000. To add to this, some people are putt off by the religious ceremony of marriage. Britain has over time grown to become a secular society. Both these factors will make people refrain from marrying because in their eyes they see it as long as they are happily together, they do not need a ring or a piece of paper to prove anything else. Women do not want to marry as much anymore with increased career opportunities. Most women feel that there is less need to go throw the hassle for the financial security of marriage as they are free to opt for cohabitation. However many argue that the relationship between cohabitation and marriage is not clear cut since for some couples, cohabitation is just a step on the way of getting married, whereas for others it is a permanent alternative to marriage. Chester (1985) argues that for most people cohabitation is part of the process of getting married. For example, according to Ernestina Coast (2006) 75% of cohabiting couples say they expect to marry each other. On the other hand, some couples see cohabitation as permanent substitute to marriage. Andre Bejin (1985) argues that cohabitation among some young people represents a conscious attempt to create a more personally negotiated and equal relationship than conventional patriarchal for example Shelton and John (1993) found that women who cohabit do less house work than married women This would appeal to women as it relieves them of the worry of balancing both house work and their daily jobs which women of marriages do have to worry about. Many sociologists are now claiming that marital breakdown is the norm of todays society. Beck and Beck-Gernsheim (1995) argue rising divorce rates are the products of a rapidly changing world in which the traditional rules, rituals and tradition of love, romance and relationships no longer apply. Whereas Functionalist Robert Chester (1985) insists that even though there are new ways of living, the nuclear family will not die out but instead conform to the new traditions of todays society. Morgan (1996) and Giddens (1991) both similarly argue that divorce may have physical harm to each individual yet it brings freedom and opportunity to humanity. Morgan claims that the more divorce and re-marriages increase, the more we find ourselves part of many different families at the same time and this effects who we think we are. Giddens, once again, shadows Morgans views by saying that divorce offers people the chance to reassess who they are. In conclusion, there have many changes in the institution of marriage. Many argue that society will no longer be the same. This is considered to be very realistic as all human actions change over time.

Definition and Examples of the Habitual Present Tense

In English grammar, the habitual present is a verb in the  present tense  used to indicate an action that occurs regularly or repeatedly. Its also known as the present habitual. Typically, the habitual present employs dynamic verbs, not stative verbs, and it may be accompanied by an adverb of frequency such as always, often, or  seldom. Examples and Observations The following are examples of the habitual present. (Note the italicized words.) In the movie 50 First Dates, Lucy Whitmore wakes up every day with no memory of the previous day as a result of an automobile accident thats virtually eliminated her short-term memory. He  runs every morning in  New York. Twice around the reservoir. I know, because I go with him. I dont run, but I go.(From Sweet Thunder: The Life and Times of Sugar Ray Robinson by Wil Haygood) His wife buys daily the food for that day in a permanent market of small stores and booths in the plaza in quantities so small as to astound and amaze an American housewife.(From Tonalà ¡: Conservatism, Responsibility and Authority in a Mexican Town by May N. Diaz) Joshua Stillman must be old but nobody ever thinks of what his age might be, he is so very much alive. He goes to the city every day and comes back early every afternoon. As he so seldom talks about himself nobody knows exactly what he does except that it has to do with books and small print.(From Green Valley by Katharine Reynolds) Adverbs of Frequency with the Habitual Present Present tense is also used with active verbs to describe something that happens routinely or habitually. Like the present tense that is used for general statements of fact, the habitual present tense does not limit routine or habitual activities to a particular time span. Instead, it suggests a timeless quality; that is, the habit or routine that happens regularly also did so in the past and will do so in the future: Hurran uses his truck to carry food and water to his familys tent camps in the desert. When the present tense is used to describe a habitual or routine activity, it may have an adverb of frequency with it. Each Saturday, Hurran drives into town to get food and water supplies.He washes and waxes his truck each week. (From Transitions: An Interactive Reading, Writing, and Grammar Text by Linda Bates) The Habitual Present and the Present Progressive The habitual present . . . is used with dynamic verbs to encode situations that occur habitually over time, even if the action is not being carried out at the moment of speaking. For instance, referring to the following examples, Tim may not actually be working, nor the leaves falling at the moment of speaking. Nevertheless, the recurrent situation holds as the normal course of things and is appropriately referred to by the present tense. Tim works in an insurance company.Many trees lose their leaves in autumn. Again, it must be pointed out that the plain present tense used for habitual and other meanings contrasts with the present progressive, which encodes an actual occurrence of a dynamic action observed in the process of happening, as in Tim is working late today. The trees are already losing their leaves. (From English Grammar: A University Course by Angela Dowling and Philip Locke) Sources Bates, Linda. Transitions: An Interactive Reading, Writing, and Grammar Text, Second Edition. Cambridge University Press, 2005Downing, Angela; Locke, Philip. English Grammar: A University Course, Second Edition. Routledge, 2006